Moreover, we don't know whether the shape of that fundamental quantum is like a string, a loop, a sphere, or anything else. Thus, I call it zeba, meaning lively, beautiful (Zeus is life personified, Zoe and Zoya mean lively). Zeba must be the smallest quantum, and have a defined size and energy value.
The universe is a sea of raw energy called the dark energy. I propose that this raw energy crystalizes into zebas, and zebas grow or pile up into photons. This would allow us to have a spectrum ranging from one to infinite zebas.
The Grand Spectrum:
one zeba ---------------------------------- infinite zebas
The lowest photon on the photonic spectrum has not been identified. But the highest photon has been calculated which has less energy than a neutrino. Thus, we can place the photonic range somewhere in the mid section of GS:
Particles..................photon
zebas......one
----------------------------- infinite
Th Photons have a spin of one. This we place on GS under the photonic section:
particles.............photons
zebas......one-----------------------------
infinite
spin.....................1
Next, we place graviton to one side of the photon, and put its spin under
it. Now, we would have:
particles...graviton...photons
zebas...one ----------------------------------
inf.
spin............2.........1
The cold dark matter (CDM) has a spin of zero as speculated for axion. We can name the true particle of CDM a darkton, and place it on the spectrum:
particles...graviton...photons......darktons
zebas..one ----------------------------------
inf.
spin...........2..........1............0
Now, we arrange the other known spin in this scheme:
particles..graviton..photons...........darktons
zebas..one -------------------------------------
inf.
spin..........2.........1.......1/2........0
This scheme show that the most energetic graviton is less energetic than the weakest photon. In fact, all attempts have failed to capture the theoretical high-energy gravitons. However, a Russian team is set up to capture the low-energy gravitons. Their success in lieu of said failure would be compatible with this scheme.
Below, it will be suggested that the ordinary matter (electrons, quarks, etc) are the only particles with charge, thus the only particles with anti-particles. I will suggest how a charge may generate an anti-charge. Thus, suggesting that gravitons, photons, and darktons have no anti-particles.
The notion of anti-gravity (said to be caused by the dark energy in the space) is explained in GS simply as a phenomenon subsequent to the ongoing inflationary process. The inflation of matter results in increasing dark energy which pushes the objects away from each other as it expands, thus the appearance of negative gravity. In GS theory, every particle has three dimensions, thus a non-zero volume.
In part three, I will propose that each ordinary particle of matter (electron, quark, etc.) is a composite of numerous mattons, each matton being a chargeless particle like gravitons, photons, and darktons. For example, e-neutrino is a matton.
Also in part 3, I will argue that gravitons, photons, mattons, and darktons are different but homogenous forms of zebas differing in the amount of their enery content, thus their physical characteristics. For this, I call them homogenes. Ulike them, the ordinary matter (electrons, quarks, and other charged particles) are composites of different mattons and anti-mattons. For this, I call the ordinary matter heterogenes.
A few decades ago, it was argued that e/3 (one third of electron charge) is the fundamental charge. I will also argue that positive e/3 consists of one matton plus mass. That such a matton is automatically duplicated into a mirror-image, the anti-matton. The negative e/3 being one anti-matton plus mass. Anti-matton's creation being subsequent to that of mattons explains the dominance of the mattons in the universe.
particle...gravitons...photons...mattons...darktons
zebas..one --------------------------------------------
inf.
spin...........2..........1........1/2.........0
Now, we can add the known and hypothetical characteristics of these fundamental
particles to the scheme.
THE GRAND SPECTRUM
..........................................................................................................................................................
particle
zeba
GRAVITON PHOTON
MATTON DARKTON
........................................................................................................................................................
spin
0
2
1
1/2
0
vector angle
0
45
90
180
360 = 0
energy
one zeba
some
moderate more
most
internal gravity one unit
weak
moderate strong
very strong
energy density least
low
dense
denser
densest
density minimum ----------------------------------------------------------------------
maximum
volume maximum ---------------------------------------------------------------------
minimum
wavelength
300,000
long
short
shorter
shortest
charge
NO
NO
NO
YES
NO
mass
nil
nil
nil/maybe massive
most massive
velocity
?
?
300,000 ?
?
NOTE: the terms above are described in part 3.
Not surprising, all their known chracteristics fit into this scheme. The perfection of the fit suports the validity of the scheme.
The simplicity of the Grand Spectrum supercedes that of the others including
the string theories. How electrons, quarks, etc are made is suggested in
Part three.
The rest of this article
is being revamped in order to base the GS theory on a fundamental quantum
instead of planck's h. The GS theory needs a fundamental "grain" that can
absorb energy to become a particle such as photons.
PART THREE:
TOPICS:
[]
D. UNIVERSE as an OCEAN
F. THE EMERGENT PROPERTY.
G. THE UNIVERSAL SIMPLICITY
I. THE GRAND SPECTRUM
J. SPACE ENERGY
K. WAVE'S NATURE
L. PHOTON, MASS OR NOT MASS?
M. THE STRANGE CASE OF SECOND
N. PARTICLE DENSITY.
O. FORMATION OF ORDINARY MATTER
P. RELATION OF PLANCK'S CONSTANT
TO CONSTANT G
Q. PHOTONS
R. THE UNCERTAINTY OF THE UNCERTAINTY
PRINCIPLE
A. ON NEWTON'S FORMULA FOR GRAVITY
H. GRAVITY
D. UNIVERSE as an OCEAN
It is believed that the space is filled with Higgs bosons which gives mass to massive particles, thus their gravity, thus the dark matter's effect on the expansion of the universe. Also, it is believed (and supported by recent findings) that the space is filled with dark energy which provides negative gravity, thus its reverse effect on the expansion of the universe.
The relation of the Higgs field to the dark energy is not clear as to which one really fills the space or whether they are the same or the two faces of the same beast. In GS theory, the space is an ocean of raw energy which crystalizes into zebas
Strangely, while the Higgs field is believed to give mass and gravity to the particles, its twin (or itself), the dark energy, is believed to generate anti-gravity!
Perhaps, the universe is filled only with dark energy, inert and undetectable until it crystalizes into the zebas, and these grow into the gravitons, photons, mattons, and darktons as shown above. The more energy a zeba receives, the denser it becomes. That is, the higher the frequency, the denser the particle. And gravity begins to be noted only when the particle density reaches that of an x-ray.
F. EMERGENT PROPERTY
Emergent property is a property that emerges from where it did not exist. For example, H2O has properties that exist neither in hydrogen nor in oxygen. These properties emerge when hydrogen and oxygen combine into H2O. Or, H2O shows emergent properties as ice, steam, or water just because the temperature changes.
A small bag of apples and oranges is different from a large one in quantity, but not in quality. However, a small bag of protons and neutrons is different from a large one both in quantity and quality: one can be copper, the other gold; one can be sodium, and the other plutonium!.
All atoms are made of the same ingredients. Some share some characteristics; yet, each shows exclusive emergent properties eventhough it is made of the same stuff.
A quality absent in each of the ingedients, but present in their whole is an emergent property. Emergent property occurs when two or more things together give rise to something different or when something gives rise to something dissimilar to itself.
G. THE UNIVERSAL SIMPLICITY
Put the most intelligent architects together, and they could not match the unintelligent nature in designing a simple riverbed! our failure in fully understanding the universe does not change the fact that the universe is a simple construct.
Nature repeats the same plan at different levels. For example, electrons orbit around the nucleus, moons around the planets, planets around the sun, and the suns around the dark matter in the center of the galaxies. Certain natural patterns can help explain the subatomic world and the evolution of the universe.
I. THE GRAND SPECTRUM (GS)
GS is the spectrum of homogenes ranging from one zeba to the singularity of the universe just before the big bang. Each homogene has its own exclusive frequency. The energy density within each homogene is proportional to its frequency.
H2O molecules change phase from gas to liquid to ice at certain temperatures and atmospheric pressures. Likewise, the homogene particles change spin at certain numerical changes in their frequency or density. In other words, the difference between graviton and photon is the same as that between steam and water: the same substance, yet different emergent properties.
While spin determines the class characteristics of gravitons, photons, etc., the frequency of each homogene determines its exclusive emergent properties. That's why a blue photon is different from a red one.
Spin is a regional property witch divides the spectrum into four regions. A region with a higher spin has lower frequencies.
[]
particle
gravitons
photons
mattons darktons
............................................................................................................................
spin
2
1
1/2
0
frequency
low
moderate
high
The known category of particles can now be placed in this grand spectrum (GS). It should come as no surprise that they fit perfectly. In fact, the spectrum is compatible with their other known properties (see infra).
THE GRAND SPECTRUM
FP population one
light
moderate heavy
very heavy
..........................................................................................................................................................
particle
FP
GRAVITON PHOTON
MATTON DARKTON
spin
0
2
1
1/2
0
vector angle
0
45
90
180
360 = 0
energy
one FP
some
moderate more
most
This spectrum rejects the existence of high-energy gravitons. The highest energy graviton must be less energetic than the weakest photon. In fact, all attempts have failed to register any high energy gravitons.
Matton is a homogene and the fundamental particle of the ordinary matter.
The e-neutrino is a matton, but electron is not. For reasons stated below,
electron is a heterogene particle which contains mattons.
Unlike the weak force
which is electro-magnetic in nature, the strong force may consist not of
an exchange particle, but a mattonic bridge holding or welding protons
together during a fusion process.
Darkton is the homogene particle of the cold dark matter, and has some features in common with axion. Upon inflation, the darkton breaks down into mattons, photons, and gravitons.
The homogene particles noted in the chart are electro-magnetic in nature, each category with a different spin as noted in the chart above. Each homogene having a different number of FPs, thus different energy content, thus different energy density. The vectoral angles and spins increase in opposite directions.
J. THE SPACE ENERGY
Universe is an ocean of energy (perhaps the Higg's Field) in which all particles are immersed as are fish in the sea. And like the fish in the sea, the particles live off the space via energy exchange (feeding and defication by the animals are a part of their energy exchange with the environment).
It is believed that Higg's field has a boson. But no one has been able to capture it, measure it, and say this is it! Perhaps more powerful colliders are needed, perhaps the space energy is amorphous, flat, with infinite wavelength, zero frequency, and no bosons unless it is crystallized into FPs, and subsequently into the known particles.
The photons do not penetrate beyond the universe (beyond the space energy). This indicates that like the fish that depend on the water to exist, the photon's existence depends on the space energy through which it propagates. Whatever this relation may be, we can metaphorically call it the feeding cycle.
What is it that makes a photon propagate eternally at such a high speed? It cannot be the force of ejection or attraction by a particle such as electrons since one would reduce in time and the other would accelerate. And it cannot be its own tiny energy either.
Then, it must be the space energy! In other words, the photon feeds and breathes this energy like a fish circulating water through its gills (feeding cycle). This may sound fantastic... but so does the universe! Perhaps, the space energy is what the particles use to vibrate, wave, and spin without decaying as readily!
K. THE WAVE'S NATURE
Photon is a pointlike structure in quantum mechanics. Yet, its interference in Young's two-slit experiment has been taken as the proof for its wave nature.
However, the interference maybe not an innate nature of the photon but imposed on it by the matter at the two edges of each slit (gravitational effect), dispersing them according to their distances and gravitational forces! After all, the shadow of no object would look like itself if the photons sway like the belly dancers' belly.
The photon is neither a point nor a wave, but a condensed packet of numerous
FPs spinning straight ahead, and feeding on the space energy.
Neither is it a measure
of energy inside a protective shell. What keeps it as one entity can be
nothing but its inner micro-gravity. Metaphorically speaking, it is a living
organism that swims (waves) in the space ocean.
Its inner gravity keeps it spherical, a spherical body that propagates in a straight line, cyclically changing in its nature as its FPs cyclically feed on the space energy or exchange energy with it.
L. PHOTON, MASS OR NOT MASS?
There are photons that for some 12 billion years have been traveling through the maze of gravitational lensings at no cost to themselves. Even, their little red shift is said to be caused by running away from us, and not because of any exhaustion (fatigued photons)!
Why is it that photons remain incorruptible, and do not dissipate into the space instead? How can photons have a spin, but not a mass to spin? How can a photon be subject to gravitational lensing without having a mass. Was Newton wrong in linking gravity to mass? Or, was Einstein wrong to say E = mc^2, thus giving the photon a mass?
E = mc^2
m =E/c^2
E = E/300,000 x 300,000
m = E/90,000,000,000
The mass of a photon equals its energy divided by 90 billion. More outrageously, the mass of a (h) equals h/90,000,000! Simply, m1 and m2 in Newton's formula can be replaced with E/c^2, and the gravity calculated as G(E1/c^2)(E2/c^2)/r^2
The prejudice against photon's mass must be replaced with the reality that
mass is energy, energy is mass. That mass is a reflection of particle density.
The more energy a particle has, the denser and the more massive
it is. This explains
why the high-energy gamma-ray photons appear to have mass whereas the less
energetic photons do not.
A photon has a measure of energy, thus a measure of gravity. The FP has a measure of energy, thus a measure of gravity. It must be this micro gravity that keeps the photon (and every FP in it) together instead of falling apart.
Newton's formula for two bodies can be modified accordingly in order to measure a FP's inner micro-gravity. In the absence of m2 and r^2, it would not be too far off the mark to rewrite it as G(E/c^2) where E is the FP's energy content (6.6260755(40) x 10^-34 Joules) and G constant is 6.67 x 10^-11. Thus, FP's inner micro-gravity equals 6.67 x 10^-11 (6.6260755(40) x 10^-34)Js/3 x 10 10^5 km.
Then, gravity must be an innate character of mass/energy that drives all things to joint into one at the same time that their centrifugal force drives them away from one another.
The main-stream physicists and mathematicians disapprove of Einstein's E = mc^2 because this gives the photon a mass, and this mass interferes with their belief that photons do not lose energy in their propagation even though a part of the red-shift may be caused by it (fatigued photon). They insisted the same about the neutrinos, and now are proven wrong.
They have modified Einstein's formula in order to undermine the notion that mass is an expression of energy, and proportional to it. According to E = mc^2, quark is more massive than electron, and electron more massive than photon.
No matter how negligible, a photon has a mass which may in part be responsible for its redshift. A particle (energy/mass) cannot exist without having three dimensions. Even a point occupies a space, and must have a non-zero diameter. To say that it does not is unreal.
M. THE STRANGE CASE OF SECOND
The Planck's formula E = hv shows that a homogene's frequency (number of its cycles per second) equals the number of its FPs. This indicates a direct relation or connection between the homogene's frequency and the number of FPs it consists of.
That is, the photon's frequency increases by one each time an FP is added to it. Perhaps each FP takes its turn to trigger the whole photon to go through one wave, thus its frequency.
Also, the Planck's formula shows that every FP in the photon must take its turn within one second no matter how many FPs there are (time imperative). But, do the FPs know that they all must fire within one second, no matter how many they are, and divide the one second equally amongst themselves? Consider the following models:
A `second` is apparently an arbitrary measure of time invented by the ancient Sumerians who divided night and day into two dozens of hours, the hour into 60 minutes, and the minute into 60 seconds because they venerated numbers 6, 10, and 60!
Yet, the `second` seems to be an integral part of the homogene's life. That is, in one second, a photon must wave once for each (h) it contains! This makes the `second` unrealistically significant. Is there something wrong with the Planck's formula or did the Sumerians hit the jackpot? Compare the following three models to explain the strange case of second:
1. THE ROSARY MODEL. Perhaps, FPs form a ring like the beads in a rosary, and trigger one another in a domino fashion. Thus, each FP takes a turn to fire up the whole, all completing their turns in one second! This cannot be since the micro-gravity within a photon (caused by numerous FPs) does not allow the photon to have any shape but spherical.
Nonetheless, should the rosary model be the case, the time difference (td) between the firing of two adjacent FPs would be inversely proportional to the number of FPs in the photon; its frequency.
td x # of FPs = 1
sec.
td x frequency =
1 sec.
td = 1 sec/f
2. THE HEART-BEAT MODEL. The heart consists of a number of heart muscle cells (fibers). Likewise, the photon consists of a number of FPs. Perhaps, the photon waves the same way that the heart pulsates.
Normally, the heart beat begins in a muscle fiber (a cell) in a particular region of the heart (Yet, any muscle fiber can initiate the heart beat). Then, the pulsation spreads throughout the heart, causing the contraction of the heart (systole), followed with its relaxation (diastole).
It takes a certain time for the heart to complete one beat, its cycle regardless of the number of the cells it contains. We know this because the heart can lose some cells without changing its rhythm.
In this model, each FP in a homogene does what each muscle cell (muscle fiber) can do in a heart: trigger the whole to fire off, but with one difference: unlike the cells in the heart, each FP in a photon takes turn to fire off the whole.
Like the heart's electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG), the wave caused by one
FP's pulsation has an up-swing, a down-swing, followed by a rest period.
These three phases
of a FP take one second so that one it is ready to fire up again, all other
FPs have taken their turns to fire up.
Perhaps the waves are a perpetual fluctuation in the particle density caused by rhythmic loosening and tightening of the FPs, inflation and deflation, contraction and relaxation, or their feeding cycle on the Higgs energy. Whatever the causes are, they follow the following laws:
1. Each FP causes
its particle to wave once per second.
2. The FPs in a homogene
particle take turns to wave the particle, one at the time at regular intervals.
Thus, a second is equally divided among the particle FPs.
Perhaps each FP in a photon takes turn to go through rhythmic contraction and relaxation which collectively defines the photon's wave.
3. THE INCREASING DENSITY MODEL. In this model, the addition of each FP raises the photon's density by a measure we can call one FP density unit (FPd), thus increasing its frequency by one. Perhaps, the homogene's diameter and volume remain unchanged regardless of the number of FPs it holds. Perhaps, a change in the homogene's spin would require a different diameter and volume.
What ever the mechanism, each FP must pulsate once per second, and pulsate the particle in it as well. When a number of FPs join as one particle, each takes turn to pulsate once per second, and pulsate the whole particle as well.
The FPs in a particle pulsate after one another, all in a row with equal intervals, all in every second. The higher the number of FPs, the shorter the intervals.
The inner density of a particle is proportional to the number of FPs it consists of. Subsequently, the frequency of a particle is proportional to its inner density.
N. PARTICLE DENSITY.
Considering an isolated pair of FPs, the gravity between the two would be rather insignificant. Yet, the gravity would increase as more FPs pile up to form more energetic homogenes, thus a gradual increase in the homogene's density. Below, it will be shown that the particle of cold dark matter, called darkton herein, is a homogene with the highest FP density.
The FPs within a homogene do not lose their individuality; yet, their common gravity compacts them into one composite particle. The increase in this internal micro-gravity increases the rate of FP compaction.
The more FPs in a homogene, the more its micro-gravity, and the more its contraction. The more FP contraction, the smaller the size, and the higher FP density in a homogene. There are two possibilities:
1. The rate of compaction increases from left to right in the spectrum. For example, any darkton (axion perhaps) is denser than any photon.
2. The volume remains the same regardless of the number of FPs.
The second possibility recalls the quantum mechanic's depiction of a photon as a point regardless of the size of its energy content.
The fact that each and every FP in a photon must fire in one second regardless of their number (time imperative), suggests that the photon's volume may be the same regardless of the number of its FPs (dimensional imperative). If so, `n` number of FPs would take as much space as one FP, thus increase the energy density of the photon with each FP added (density imperative).
E = mc^2 = hv
m = E/c^2 = hv/c^2
D = m/vol (D for
density)
pd = hv/c^2/vol
The population density of the FPs within a photon equals the energy of one FP multiplied by their number (photon's frequency) divided by the amount of space the photon occupies (photons' volume).
FPd = v/vol
The increase in the number of FPs causes an increase in internal gravity, thus an increasing rate of contraction (density) proportional to the number of FPs in the photon. This can be added to the chart:
THE GRAND SPECTRUM
FP population one
light
moderate heavy
very heavy
..........................................................................................................................................................
particle
FP
GRAVITON PHOTON
MATTON DARKTON
spin
0
2
1
1/2
0
vector angle
0
45
90
180
360 = 0
energy
one FP
some
moderate
more
most
internal gravity one unit
weak
moderate
strong
very strong
O. FORMATION OF ORDINARY MATTER
The spectrum of chemical molecules range from the simplest H2O to the highly complex lipoproteins. None of these can replicate itself except for DNA which produces RNA, and RNA which replicates itself to produce other chemicals necessary for metabilism.
THE CHARGE. The positive and negative charges fit each other perfectly. The electron and nuclear charges are in equilibrium although they have differenr size masses. Therefore, the charges could not have independent sources, and must be mirror images of each other.
THE PATTERN. Under certain conditions, a DNA strand produces a mirrored copy of itself which can help explaining the evolution of positive and negative charges. Here, it is proposed that a certain matton is the +1/3 charge which comes into being, and which in turn, like the DNA, causes the generation of a -1/3 charge as its mirror image. In GS theory, the e-nutrino takes the lowest place among the mattons. The +1/3 mattons are the next higher particles.
Mattons can take loads of energy, and become subatomic particles. For example, the e-nutrino, the lowest matton, can grow into 1/2 spin muon neutrino or tau neutrino. Or it can take a load of photons and become a spin-1 Z particle.
The higher mattons (+1/3 or -1/3) combine into positive and negative 2/3 and 3/3 charges, piled up with further mattons into quarks and electrons. These charges can also be piled up with further 1/2 spin mattons, and become 1/2 spin muon and tau. Also, they can be piled up with much photons, and become spin-1 particles such as w+ and w-.
However, photon is a perfect homogene, as neutrino and electron are perfect heterogenes as are quarks, protons, and neutrons. That is, their constituent FPs (and the parts in the case of electron, etc) are balanced, well organized, thus durable. Whereas muons and taues of both electron and neutrino origin are imperfect.
Like trucks, electron and neutrino can be loaded with much FPs to become muons and taus. They carry a load at a starting point, and dump it in time to become perfect again. The cause of their imperfection, the load, can adversely affect their chracteristics as neutrino or electron. That is, while as muon or tau, their frequency, spin, etc could be altered.
The high energy cosmic rays above 10^20 electron volts seem to be darktons. The darktons can inflate (break down) into mattons, and the photons can be energized into mattons. Certain mattons thus produced are +e/3 charges. Charge is the exclusive character of the ordinary matter:
inflated darkon -->
matton
energized photon
--> matton
certain matton =
+e/3 charges
An electron is a heterogeneous particle since it's frequency (number of FP) is far less in comparison to its content. (see electron below).
Like DNA's mirrored self-replication which is the fountain of life, the mirrored self-replication of this particular matton is the source of the ordinary matter of which our planet is made of. Obviously, there would be no such DNA without pre-existing such mattons.
Like RNA and DNA, these +e/3 mattons can use the available energy, and generate their own mirror particles which are -e/3 charges. By convention, these are labeled positive and negative. In reality, they are mirror images of one another.
Depending on the energy level of the environment, the e/3s grow into electrons, positrons, and quarks. The +e/3s pre-exist the -e/3s when the energy level is higher. Therefore, they have a higher chance to grow into +2e/3 quarks. The energy level is thus reduced when -e/3s are generated. Therefore, the =e/3s are more prone to form -e/3 quarks and electrons.
A particular matton has the emergent property we know of as charge. This matton is the +e/3, and can be produced in two ways: ascending and descending paths.
a. Ascending path.
Increasing the density of a photon by adding energy to it until a certain
point when it turns into that matton.
b. Descending path.
Decreasing the density of a darkton by reducing its energy to that point
(inflation).
The differences between these two routes may explain why electrons and protons dominated the universe instead of positrons and antiprotons. These differences are:
a. There is a tremendous amount of energy available in the descending path as the dark matter inflates. By contrast, the ascending path has little energy available (in comparison to the descending path) as there is a limit to the amount of energy we can generate in the colliders.
b. The +matton (+e/3) is the source of its mirror imaged matton (-e/3). That is, +matton precedes -matton.
c. The energy density falls as the inflation proceeds. That is, the energy density was higher when +mattons were being generated than later when -mattons were coming into being. Therefore, much more +mattons turned into +2e/3 quarks than into -2e/3 quarks.
time
1st stage 2d stage
3d stage
energy level high energy
---> moderate energy ---> low energy
generation of +e/3
v
generation of +2e/3
-e/3
v
v
generation of u quark
d quark
electrons
generation of c & t quarks
s &b quarks
The 3e/3 exist independently as electron or positron. The fact that e/3s and 2e/3s exist as quarks in protons and neutrons, but not independently, indicate that they are unstable unless they are formed into protons or neutrons.
The whole charge particles react to each other: Electrons reject each others, electron and positron attract and annihilate each other. It is assumed, but not proven, that these are true about e/3 and 2e/3 charges.
Perhaps the strong force keeps the same charge quarks in one place, and oppositely charged quarks from annihilating each other. Perhaps, rejection and attraction of charges are emergent properties of whole charges, and not true of the e/3s and 2e/3s.
Like the change in temperature in which the physical properties of H2O changes from steam to water to ice (emergent property), the change in the internal density of the particle changes its physical properties too. That is, the particles would be spin 2 up to a certain level followed with spin 1, spin 1/2, and spin zero.
The mattons are capable of getting loaded and unloaded. The e-neutrino is a matton, and by getting loaded, it becomes a muon neutrino or a tau neutrino. The matton to the right of the e-neutrino is the charge matton, and has an exclusive property: it generates its own image like DNA that generates RNA image of itself!
There are numerous types of molecules, but only one type (DNA) that can generate its own image as RNA, and RNA can generate polypeptides essential in chemistry of life. The DNA attracts certain amino-acids from its environment, thus doubling itself, and then splits into two, the new one being the mirror image of the original.
Likewise, the charge matton attracts energy from its environment (perhaps the Higgs field), and generates a mirror image of itself. By convention, the original one has been named positive, and its mirror image has been named negative. The value of the charge matton is 1/3 that of the electron. That is, three negative charge mattons must joint in order to make one electron.
Now, we have an explanation as to why our world is dominated with protons and electrons, and not by anti-protons and positrons: The charge matton (+e/3) is the source of imaged matton (-e/3). That is, the positive charges (+e/3s) become available before the negative ones (-e/3s).
The time lapse between the generation of +e/3 mattons and the generation of -e/3 mattons favors the production of +e/3 and +2e/3 quarks whereas the delayed -e/3 mattons can only manage to produce -e/3 quarks.
The dominant production of +2e/3 quarks leaves free a number of -e/3 mattons. Subsequently, three -e/3 mattons join to form an electron. The same disadvantage of the negative mattons explains the production of neutrons; a trio of one +2e/3 and two -e/3s quarks.
The charge mattons (+e/3s) get loaded with the free energy from the space (perhaps Higgs field) and becomes positive quarks or positrons. They tend to become quarks in a zone with high energy density, and positrons in a zone with lower energy density. This will determine the fate of the -e/3s.
GENERATION OF THE QUARKS
first stage
second stage
third stage
..................................................................................
+e/3 mattons --> +e/3 quarks
--> +2e/3 quarks
--> +e/3 quarks
--> -e/3 mattons -->
-e/3 quarks
Accordingly, it is easier (takes less energy density in the zone) to transform protons to neutrons than neutrons to protons. The following part of the GS spectrum shows two opposite directions for the generation of the charge mattons, leftward and rightward:
FP population one
light
moderate heavy
very heavy
..........................................................................................................................................................
particle
one FP
GRAVITON PHOTON
MATTON DARKTON
energy
one FP
some
moderate
more
most
1. In leftward move (darktons into mattons), the darktons inflate into mattons while emitting much energy, thus creating a zone with high energy density which favors the generation of quarks shown in the previous chart (+e2/3s, +e/3s, and -e/3s). Obviously, this was the dominant path during the inflationary period of the Big Bang.
2. In rightward move
(photons into mattons), the energized photons turn into
mattons such as charge
mattons (+e/3s) and e-neutrinos. This path takes place in a zone with low
energy density (such as present colliders) where the charge mattons (+e/3s)
can not use their time advantage. That is, the process is weak enough to
allow the imaged mattons (-e/3s) keep up with the +e/3s, and form pairs
of electron-positron in the low energy zone or proton-antiproton in a zone
with moderately higher energy density.
The Grand Spectrum consists of homogene particles with densities ranging
from infinitely minimal to infinitely maximal. More likely, the more FPs
a homogene has, the higher its internal density, and smaller its diameter.
Also, density implies volume for each homogene particle that is conversely
parallel to its inner density.
Thus far, the Grand
Spectrum (GS) looks like this:
FP population one
light
moderate heavy
very heavy
..........................................................................................................................................................
particle
FP
GRAVITON PHOTON
MATTON DARKTON
spin
0
2
1
1/2
0
vector angle
0
45
90
180
360 = 0
energy
one FP
some
moderate more
most
internal gravity one
unit
weak
moderate strong
very strong
inner density
very least
least
dense
denser
densest
wavelength
300,000
long
short
shorter
shortest
charge
N/A
NO
NO
YES
NO
velocity
300,000
300,000
300,000
300,000 300,000
mass
nil
nil
nil/maybe massive
most massive
velocity
So far, each parameter increases or decreases from left to right. The next parameteter, velocity, may do so too. Velocity is shown to be about 300,000 km for photon. Is is also asumed to be so for neutrino and graviton, but not proven. Therefore, velocity may be 300,000 for each homogene, or follow the pattern of increase or decrease from left to right. Thus, the Grand Spectrum becomes:
THE GRAND SPECTRUM
FP population one
light
moderate heavy
very heavy
..........................................................................................................................................................
particle
FP
GRAVITON PHOTON
MATTON DARKTON
spin
0
2
1
1/2
0
vector angle
0
45
90
180
360 = 0
energy
one FP
some
moderate more
most
internal gravity one
unit
weak
moderate strong
very strong
energy density very
least least
dense
denser
densest
wavelength
300,000
long
short
shorter
shortest
charge
N/A
NO
NO
YES
NO
mass
nil
nil
nil/maybe massive
most massive
velocity
300,000
300,000
300,000
300,000 300,000
or perhaps
600,000
300,000
150,000
75,000 000
P. THE RELATION BETWEEN PLANCK'S CONSTANT TO CONSTANT G.
We can use a different set of units in Newton's formula for gravity so that the mass of one FP would equal one, and r=1.
1. In a group of 2
FPs, the gravity between one and the other would be one G.
2. In a group of
3 FPs, the gravity between one and the other two would be 2Gs.
3. In a group of
4 FPs, the gravity between one and the other three would be 3Gs.
4. In a group of
5 FPs, the gravity between one and the other four would be 4Gs.
The group of five is the limit since r would increase beyond that. Nonetheless, a pattern has emerged among the kissing FPs: the total gravity increases by one G for every FP added to the group.
It turns out that the G constant is one FP's unit of micro-gravity. Thus, the internal micro-gravity of a photon would be G(n-1) where n is the number of its FPs. Since the number of FPs in a homogene equals its frequency, we would have,
Homogene's gravity = G(f-1)
The internal micro-gravity causes a proportional density in the homogene. That is, the addition of each FP to a homogene increases its internal gravity by one G (thus accelerating shrinkage), its density by one FPd (FP unit of density), and increases its frequency by one.
Q. PHOTONS
BLUE LIGHT PENETRATES DEEPER THAN RED. The deep sea divers know that the colors change as they go down in the ocean. First, red disappears, then yellow, and lastly blue before darkness takes over. This is because the blue photons penetrate deeper than yellow photons, and yellow photons penetrate deeper than red ones.
Some photons hit the atoms, and are reflected or absorbed. Others pass through the spaces between the subatomic particles, atoms, and molecules into the deeper waters before they are trapped.
The deeper you go, the smaller these spaces become because the pressure increases and squeezes the atoms and molecules into one another. Also, the deeper you go, the colder it gets which reduce those spaces. Therefore, light penetrates deeper in the tropical ocean than the polar sea (should the waters be of the same clarity). Perhaps the blue photon penetrates deeper because it is denser.
Einstein's E = mc^2 has been modified (complicated) in order to deny the poor photon from having a mass! And this in order to justify the Standard Model.
Einstein's E = mc^2 indicates that all things consist of energy. That is, energy is the primordial substance out of which everything is formed. The Compton Effect is a photon's loss of some energy to an electron! Mass is an expression of particle density. A photon begins to show mass characteristics when its density reaches that of gamma rays.
R. TIME VERSUS LOCATION OF ELECTRON IN ITS ORBIT
The uncertainty principle is a derivate of the standard theory. Perhaps it does not exist in the real world now that the standard theory itself is becoming uncertain.
We assume that the electron has a slow but constant speed. That it moves one unit of distance (whatever this unit may be) in one unit of time. It would be gone (n) units of length in (n) units of time.
We know the circumference of the electron's orbit. Therefore, it may be that the numeral figure we can know for electron's time may also be that of its location, and vise versa.
A. ON NEWTON'S FORMULA FOR GRAVITY
There are two hidden points in Newton's formula for gravity (G x m1m2/r^2).
1. The highest gravity is between two equal masses, proportionally decreasing per increasing disparity between the two, the lowest being between the two least equal ones.
2. The force of gravity is not between two objects, but is between the sum total gravity among all particles of one object and every particles of the other object. To simplify the formula, we can assume r=1, and keep the total mass the same (m1+m2=6) in the following example:
Having r=1, m1=3,
m2=3, the gravity would be 9Gs.
Having r=1, m1=4,
m2=2, the gravity would be 8Gs.
Having r=1, m1=5,
m2=1, the gravity would be 5Gs.
Having r=1, m1=6,
m2=0, the gravity would be zero.
The gravity between m1 and m2 varies even though their combined mass remains
the same. It is highest when the two masses are equal, and lowest when
they are most disproportionate.
H. GRAVITY
Newton's formula gives us the force of gravity between two bodies: the force of gravity equals G (m1 x m2/r^2) where G is gravitational constant equal to 6.670 x 10^-8 cm2/gm2
However, each body has a gravitational force (attraction) regardless of whether there is another body or not (A beautiful face is attractive regardless of whther there is anyone there to be attracted). It is this force within a particle or a planet that keeps it in one piece and spherical. Therefore, it is safer to assume that the subatomic particles are spherical, and not rings or strings!
The dark matter's gravitational lensing of the photons shows clearly that either photons have mass or gravity is based on energy, not on mass! Einstein's E = mc^2 shows that mass is but a condensed energy.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ACKNOWLEDGMENT. Certain parts of
the article above have been e-mailed around, and some submitted to a few
science journals but none were endorsed or published by any of them.
NOTE: The article above is from "Thus Speaks Zarathustra", a 4-volume book (presently not available) by Behrooz Bassim, MD. This book is a 21st century sequel to Nietzsche's 19th century masterpiece. The followings are other pages from it on the internet in link format:
Abortion
Artificial
Color & Flavor
Capitalism
Civility
Darwin
Was Right So Was LaMarck
Democracy
or Isocracy
Etymology
of sacred, etc
God,
Who?
Guns
in USA
Homosexuality
Honesty
Me
Intelligence
Monetary,
A Unique Unit, A unique
Particle
Physics, Grand Spectrum
Plight
of the Mice
Politician,
The American
Race
& Class
Sermon
Sham
Justice
Soul
Is Mind
Unidirectional
Competition
Universal
Army
Universal
Language
Zarathustra
CONTACT: bassim@usadatanet.net